Metals and Non-Metals Class 10 Notes in Hindi + English | Assertion Reason & Case Study Questions

Metals and Non-Metals Class 10 Notes: Elements are broadly classified into metals and non-metals based on their physical and chemical properties. These are very important in daily life—from iron tools to oxygen we breathe.
तत्वों को उनके गुणों के आधार पर धातु (Metals) और अधातु (Non-metals) में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है। ये हमारे दैनिक जीवन में बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं। For objective questions, visit Learneasily8.

Metals (धातु)

Metals are elements that generally lose electrons and form positive ions (cations).
धातु वे तत्व हैं जो इलेक्ट्रॉन खोकर धनायन (Cations) बनाते हैं।

Physical Properties (भौतिक गुण)

• Shiny (चमकदार)
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Malleable (पीटकर पतली चादर बन सकती है)
• Ductile (तार में खींचे जा सकते हैं)
• Sonorous (ध्वनि उत्पन्न करते हैं)

Example: Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Aluminium (Al)

Chemical Properties (रासायनिक गुण)

(i) Reaction with Oxygen

Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

Example:
2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO

👉 Metal oxides are basic in nature

(ii) Reaction with Water

Metal + Water → Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen

Example:
2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

(iii) Reaction with Acids

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Example:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂

(iv) Displacement Reaction

More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal

Example:
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu

Read Also: Acids, Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes in Hindi + English | Assertion Reason & Case Study Questions

Reactivity Series (क्रियाशीलता श्रेणी)

👉 Most reactive → Least reactive

K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au

ऊपर के धातु अधिक क्रियाशील होते हैं और नीचे के कम।

Ionic Bond Formation (आयनिक बंध)

Metals lose electrons and non-metals gain electrons → ionic bond forms.
धातु इलेक्ट्रॉन छोड़ते हैं और अधातु ग्रहण करते हैं → आयनिक बंध बनता है।

👉 Example: NaCl
Na → Na⁺ + e⁻
Cl + e⁻ → Cl⁻

Non-metals (अधातु)

Definition

Non-metals are elements that gain electrons and form negative ions (anions).
अधातु वे तत्व हैं जो इलेक्ट्रॉन ग्रहण कर ऋणायन (Anions) बनाते हैं।

Physical Properties

• Not shiny (चमक नहीं होती)
• Poor conductor
• Not malleable or ductile
• Low melting point

👉 Example: Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S)

Chemical Properties

(i) Reaction with Oxygen

Non-metal + Oxygen → Acidic oxide

Example:
C + O₂ → CO₂

(ii) Reaction with Metals

Non-metal + Metal → Ionic compound

Example:
Na + Cl → NaCl

Properties of Ionic Compounds

• High melting and boiling point
• Conduct electricity in molten/aqueous state
• Hard and brittle

READ MORE: Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations Class 10 Notes (Hindi + English)

Metallurgy (धातु निष्कर्षण)

Steps:

1. Ore (अयस्क) extraction
2. Concentration of ore
3. Extraction of metal
4. Refining (शुद्धिकरण)

Example: Extraction of Iron

• Ore: Hematite (Fe₂O₃)
• Heated in blast furnace
• Reduced using carbon

Corrosion (जंग लगना)

Slow damage of metals due to air and moisture.
हवा और नमी के कारण धातुओं का धीरे-धीरे नष्ट होना।

👉 Example: Rusting of iron

Fe + O₂ + H₂O → Fe₂O₃·xH₂O

Prevention

• Painting
• Oiling
• Galvanization

Important Exceptions

• Mercury → Liquid metal
• Graphite → Conducts electricity
• Sodium & Potassium → Soft metals
• Iodine → Lustrous non-metal

Difference Between Metals and Non-metals

Property	Metals	Non-metals
Nature	Electropositive	Electronegative
Conductivity	Good	Poor
Malleability	Yes	No
Oxide	Basic	Acidic

Uses in Daily Life

Metals:

• Iron → Construction
• Copper → Electrical wires
• Aluminium → Utensils

Non-metals:

• Oxygen → Respiration
• Nitrogen → Fertilizers
• Chlorine → Water purification

Key Points (Revision)

• Metals lose electrons
• Non-metals gain electrons
• Ionic bonds form by electron transfer
• Reactivity series is important
• Corrosion can be prevented

Short FAQs (Hindi + English)

Q1. What are metals? / धातु क्या हैं?
Metals are elements that lose electrons and form cations.

Q2. What are non-metals? / अधातु क्या हैं?
They gain electrons and form anions.

Q3. What is corrosion? / जंग लगना क्या है?
Slow destruction of metal due to environment.

Q4. What is ionic bond? / आयनिक बंध क्या है?
Bond formed by transfer of electrons.

Metals and Non-Metals Class 10 Notes: Conclusion

Metals and non-metals are essential for understanding chemistry and real-life applications.
धातु और अधातु रसायन विज्ञान और दैनिक जीवन को समझने के लिए बहुत महत्वपूर्ण हैं।

Case Study 1: Reactivity of Metals

Ravi placed an iron nail in copper sulphate (CuSO₄) solution. After some time, the blue color of the solution faded and a reddish-brown layer formed on the iron nail.

Questions:

Q1. What is the color change observed?
Answer: Blue to light green

Q2. What is deposited on the iron nail?
Answer: Copper

Q3. Write the reaction.
Answer: Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu

Q4. What type of reaction is this?
Answer: Displacement reaction

Q5. Which metal is more reactive?
Answer: Iron

Case Study 2: Properties of Ionic Compounds

A student observed that sodium chloride (NaCl) does not conduct electricity in solid form but conducts when dissolved in water.

Questions:

Q1. Why does NaCl not conduct electricity in solid state?
Answer: Ions are not free to move

Q2. Why does it conduct in aqueous solution?
Answer: Ions become free to move

Q3. What type of compound is NaCl?
Answer: Ionic compound

Q4. State one property of ionic compounds.
Answer: High melting point

Case Study 3: Corrosion of Iron

An iron gate is exposed to air and moisture for a long time and gets rusted.

Questions:

Q1. What is corrosion?
Answer: Slow destruction of metal

Q2. Name the product formed.
Answer: Rust (Fe₂O₃·xH₂O)

Q3. What conditions are necessary for rusting?
Answer: Air (oxygen) and moisture

Q4. Give one method to prevent rusting.
Answer: Painting / Galvanization

Case Study 4: Reaction of Metals with Water

Sodium reacts vigorously with water and produces hydrogen gas.

Questions:

Q1. Write the reaction.
Answer: 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

Q2. Why is sodium stored in kerosene?
Answer: To prevent reaction with air and water

Q3. What type of metal is sodium?
Answer: Highly reactive metal

Q4. What gas is evolved?
Answer: Hydrogen

Case Study 5: Non-metals and Their Properties

Sulphur is a non-metal that does not conduct electricity and forms acidic oxides.

Questions:

Q1. Why does sulphur not conduct electricity?
Answer: No free electrons

Q2. What type of oxide does sulphur form?
Answer: Acidic oxide

Q3. Give one property of non-metals.
Answer: Poor conductor

Q4. Name one non-metal that conducts electricity.
Answer: Graphite

Case Study 6: Extraction of Metals

Iron is extracted from its ore hematite in a blast furnace using carbon.

Questions:

Q1. Name the ore of iron.
Answer: Hematite (Fe₂O₃)

Q2. What is the role of carbon?
Answer: Reducing agent

Q3. What type of reaction occurs?
Answer: Reduction

Q4. What is metallurgy?
Answer: Extraction of metals from ores

Case Study 7: Uses of Metals and Non-metals

Copper is used in electrical wires, while oxygen is essential for respiration.

Questions:

Q1. Why is copper used in wires?
Answer: Good conductor

Q2. What type of element is oxygen?
Answer: Non-metal

Q3. State one use of non-metals.
Answer: Respiration

Q4. Name one metal used in utensils.
Answer: Aluminium

Metals and Non-Metals Class 10 Notes: Assertion–Reason Questions

👉 Instructions:
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation
(B) Both true, but Reason is NOT correct explanation
(C) Assertion true, Reason false
(D) Assertion false, Reason true

Q1.
Assertion: Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Reason: Metals have free electrons.
Answer: A

Q2.
Assertion: Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity.
Reason: They do not have free electrons.
Answer: A

Q3.
Assertion: Sodium is stored in kerosene.
Reason: Sodium reacts vigorously with air and water.
Answer: A

Q4.
Assertion: Metals are malleable.
Reason: Metallic bonds allow layers to slide over each other.
Answer: A

Q5.
Assertion: Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solid state.
Reason: Ions are free to move in solid state.
Answer: C

Q6.
Assertion: Metals form positive ions.
Reason: Metals gain electrons.
Answer: C

Q7.
Assertion: Non-metals form negative ions.
Reason: They gain electrons.
Answer: A

Q8.
Assertion: Iron rusts in moist air.
Reason: Rusting requires oxygen and water.
Answer: A

Q9.
Assertion: Aluminium is corrosion resistant.
Reason: It forms a protective oxide layer.
Answer: A

Q10.
Assertion: Copper cannot displace zinc from its compound.
Reason: Copper is less reactive than zinc.
Answer: A

Q11.
Assertion: Ionic compounds have high melting points.
Reason: Strong electrostatic forces exist between ions.
Answer: A

Q12.
Assertion: Graphite conducts electricity.
Reason: It has free electrons.
Answer: A

Q13.
Assertion: Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
Reason: Metals donate electrons.
Answer: B

Q14.
Assertion: Gold does not corrode easily.
Reason: It is a highly reactive metal.
Answer: C

Q15.
Assertion: Zinc can displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
Reason: Zinc is more reactive than copper.
Answer: A